What is a lung nodule?

A lung nodule is a small area of tissue in the lung that shows up on imaging tests like a chest X-ray or CT scan. These spots are fairly common and are often discovered by chance. In most cases, they are harmless, but some may need closer evaluation to rule out cancer.

Common causes include:

• Healed infections or inflammation
• Scar tissue in the lungs
• Exposure to environmental irritants
• Autoimmune conditions

Some nodules can be cancerous, especially in people with certain risk factors such as a history of smoking, older age, or exposure to harmful substances like asbestos.

Symptoms

Most lung nodules do not cause any noticeable symptoms. When symptoms are present, they are usually related to the condition that caused the nodule.

Possible symptoms may include:

• Persistent cough
• Chest discomfort
• Unexplained weight loss
• Coughing up blood

How is it diagnosed?

Lung nodules are often found during imaging done for another reason. Once a nodule is identified, your provider will review your health history and assess your risk factors.

To learn more about the nodule, your care team may recommend:

• CT scans for detailed imaging
• PET scans to evaluate activity within the nodule
• Blood tests
• A biopsy to examine tissue more closely

These steps help determine whether the nodule is benign or needs further treatment.

How is it treated?

Treatment depends on the nodule’s size, appearance, and risk level.

For many people, the first step is active surveillance, which means:

• Monitoring the nodule with periodic CT scans
• Watching for any changes in size or shape

If the nodule remains stable, no treatment may be needed.

If there are signs of growth or concern:

• Additional testing may be done
• A biopsy may be recommended
• Surgery may be considered to remove the nodule

Most people with lung nodules do not need invasive treatment, and many nodules remain unchanged over time.