What is spinal stenosis?

Spinal stenosis happens when the space inside your spine becomes too narrow, causing pressure on the nerves that travel through the spinal canal.

It most often affects the lower back and develops slowly over time. As the space tightens, it can make everyday movements like walking or standing more difficult.

Common causes and risk factors:

• Age-related wear and tear of the spine
• Arthritis
• Thickened ligaments or bulging discs
• A naturally narrow spinal canal
• Previous spine injuries or surgeries
• Inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis

Symptoms

Spinal stenosis symptoms usually begin gradually and may worsen over time. They often affect the lower back and legs.

Common symptoms include:

• Pain in the lower back
• Burning or aching pain that travels into the buttocks or legs
• Numbness or tingling in the legs or feet
• Muscle weakness or heaviness in the legs
• Cramping with walking or standing
• Relief when sitting or leaning forward

In more advanced cases, symptoms may include trouble controlling the bladder or bowels or severe weakness in the legs. These require immediate medical attention.

How is it diagnosed?

Your provider will begin with a physical exam and a discussion of your symptoms. They’ll check your strength, reflexes, and how well you can feel sensations.

Imaging tests help confirm the diagnosis. An MRI is most commonly used to view nerves and soft tissues. X-rays or CT scans may be used to evaluate bone structure and spinal narrowing.

How is it treated?

Treatment often starts with simple, nonsurgical options focused on reducing pain and improving movement.

Conservative treatments may include:

• Physical therapy to strengthen muscles and improve flexibility
• Guided exercises and posture adjustments
• Anti-inflammatory medications to ease pain
• Steroid injections to reduce swelling around nerves

If symptoms become severe or limit daily life, surgery may be recommended. Procedures can create more space in the spine and relieve pressure on the nerves. In some cases, parts of the spine may be stabilized to provide additional support.

While spinal stenosis cannot be reversed, many people find lasting relief with the right treatment plan.