What Is Lactose Intolerance?
Lactose intolerance is a digestive condition that makes it hard for the body to break down lactose, a natural sugar found in milk and other dairy products. This happens when the small intestine does not make enough lactase, the enzyme needed to digest lactose properly.
Several factors can lead to lactose intolerance, including:
- A natural decline in lactase production with age
- Family history or inherited traits
- Illnesses or injuries affecting the small intestine
- Premature birth
- Rare genetic conditions present at birth
When lactose is not fully digested, it can cause uncomfortable digestive symptoms after eating or drinking dairy foods. Lactose intolerance is different from a milk allergy, which involves the immune system.
Symptoms
Symptoms of lactose intolerance usually begin within a few hours after consuming dairy products. The severity can vary from person to person.
Common symptoms include:
- Bloating
- Gas
- Stomach cramps
- Diarrhea
- Nausea
- Abdominal discomfort
Many people are still able to tolerate small amounts of dairy, especially when eaten with other foods.
How Is It Diagnosed?
A healthcare provider will review your symptoms, medical history, and eating habits. In some cases, you may be asked to temporarily avoid dairy foods to see if symptoms improve.
Additional testing may include:
- Hydrogen breath testing
- Lactose tolerance blood testing
- Stool acidity testing for infants and young children
These tests help confirm whether lactose is being properly digested.
How Is It Treated?
Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and finding the right balance of dairy foods for your body. Many people do not need to avoid dairy completely.
Treatment options may include:
- Reducing foods high in lactose
- Choosing lactose-free milk and dairy products
- Eating smaller portions of dairy with meals
- Trying lower-lactose foods like yogurt and hard cheeses
- Taking lactase enzyme supplements before dairy consumption
Because dairy products provide important nutrients like calcium and vitamin D, your provider may recommend other food sources or supplements if needed.
With the right dietary adjustments, most people can successfully manage symptoms and continue enjoying a healthy diet.
