What is kidney failure?
Kidney failure happens when the kidneys can no longer remove waste and extra fluid from the blood the way they should. The kidneys also help control blood pressure, balance minerals, and support red blood cell production. When they stop working properly, many parts of the body can be affected.
Several health conditions can damage the kidneys over time or suddenly reduce kidney function. Common causes include:
- Diabetes
- High blood pressure
- Severe dehydration
- Reduced blood flow to the kidneys
- Kidney infections or inflammation
- Urinary tract blockages
- Autoimmune diseases such as lupus
- Certain medications or toxins
- Inherited kidney disorders
Kidney failure may happen suddenly or develop slowly over time. Acute kidney injury can sometimes improve with treatment, while chronic kidney disease may gradually lead to permanent kidney failure.
Symptoms
Kidney failure symptoms can develop gradually or appear quickly depending on the cause. Early signs are sometimes mild, which is why regular medical care is important for people at higher risk.
Common symptoms may include:
- Fatigue or weakness
- Swelling in the legs, ankles, feet, or face
- Changes in urination
- Nausea or vomiting
- Poor appetite
- Muscle cramps
- Dry or itchy skin
- Trouble sleeping
- Shortness of breath
- Difficulty concentrating
- High blood pressure
How is it diagnosed?
Healthcare providers diagnose kidney failure by reviewing symptoms, medical history, and overall health. A physical exam is usually combined with testing to check how well the kidneys are working.
Common tests may include:
- Blood tests to measure kidney function
- Urine testing
- Kidney ultrasound or CT imaging
- Kidney biopsy in certain situations
These tests help providers determine the cause of kidney problems and guide treatment decisions.
How is it treated?
Treatment depends on the type of kidney failure, the cause, and how much kidney function remains. Care often starts with treating the underlying condition and managing symptoms.
Early treatment may include:
- IV fluids for dehydration
- Medications to control blood pressure
- Medicines to reduce fluid buildup
- Dietary and fluid changes
- Monitoring electrolyte levels
If the kidneys can no longer remove waste effectively, dialysis may be needed. Dialysis uses a machine or special filtering process to clean the blood and remove excess fluid.
For some people with advanced kidney failure, a kidney transplant may be an option. Ongoing care may also include treatment for anemia, bone health problems, and other complications linked to kidney disease.
Some cases of acute kidney injury improve with treatment. Chronic kidney failure usually requires long-term management and regular follow-up care.
