What is interstitial cystitis?

Interstitial cystitis (IC), also known as painful bladder syndrome, is a long-term condition that affects the bladder. It can cause bladder pressure, pelvic pain, and a frequent need to urinate. Symptoms may range from mild discomfort to pain that interferes with daily life.

The exact cause of IC is not fully understood. Researchers believe it may be linked to bladder irritation, nerve sensitivity, inflammation, or problems with the pelvic floor muscles.

Some foods, drinks, and lifestyle factors may trigger symptom flare-ups, including:

• Coffee and caffeinated beverages
• Alcohol
• Citrus fruits
• Tomatoes
• Spicy foods
• Carbonated drinks
• Smoking
• Stress

Over time, the bladder may become more sensitive and hold less urine than normal. While there is no cure for IC, treatment can help many people manage symptoms and improve comfort.

Symptoms

Interstitial cystitis symptoms can differ from person to person and may come and go in cycles. Common symptoms include:

• Frequent urination
• A strong or urgent need to urinate
• Pain, pressure, or tenderness in the bladder or pelvis
• Pain during sexual activity
• Discomfort in the penis or scrotum in men
• Worsening symptoms during menstruation in women

How is it diagnosed?

There is no single test that confirms interstitial cystitis. Because symptoms can resemble other urinary conditions, your provider may use several tests to rule out infection or other causes.

Diagnosis may include:

• Review of your symptoms and medical history
• Physical or pelvic exam
• Urine tests
• Cystoscopy to look inside the bladder
• Imaging or biopsy in certain cases

Your provider will work to understand your symptoms and create a care plan tailored to your needs.

How is it treated?

Treatment for interstitial cystitis focuses on reducing symptoms and improving quality of life. Many people benefit from combining several treatment approaches.

Conservative treatments may include:

• Avoiding foods and drinks that trigger symptoms
• Bladder training techniques
• Pelvic floor physical therapy
• Stress management
• Regular exercise
• Quitting smoking

Additional treatment options may include:

• Oral medications
• Bladder instillation treatments placed directly into the bladder
• Nerve stimulation therapies such as TENS or sacral nerve stimulation
• Botox injections to help relax the bladder

In severe cases that do not improve with other treatments, surgery may be considered.

Because IC is a chronic condition, ongoing care may be needed. Many people experience periods of improvement with the right treatment plan.