What is Infectious Esophagitis?

Infectious esophagitis is an infection that causes swelling and irritation in the esophagus, the tube that carries food and drinks from your mouth to your stomach. The condition can make swallowing painful and uncomfortable.

This type of esophagitis is most common in people whose immune systems are weakened by illness, medical treatments, or certain medications. Fungal infections are the most frequent cause, but viruses and bacteria can also lead to infection.

Conditions that weaken the immune system can increase the risk, including:

• HIV/AIDS
• Cancer treatment such as chemotherapy or radiation
• Diabetes
• Organ or stem-cell transplant
• Long-term use of steroids or other immune-suppressing medicines
• Extended antibiotic use

Symptoms

Symptoms can range from mild discomfort to severe pain with swallowing. Some people notice symptoms suddenly, while others develop them gradually.

Common symptoms include:

• Pain when swallowing
• Trouble swallowing food or liquids
• Chest pain or burning
• Mouth or throat soreness
• Nausea or vomiting
• Fever or chills

How is it diagnosed?

A healthcare provider will review your symptoms, medical history, and overall health. In many cases, a gastroenterologist may perform an upper endoscopy, which uses a thin flexible camera to examine the inside of the esophagus.

During the procedure, small tissue samples or fluid samples may be collected to identify the type of infection. Blood tests or other lab testing may also help confirm the cause.

How is it treated?

Treatment depends on the type of infection causing the inflammation. Some mild cases may improve on their own, especially in people with healthy immune systems.

Treatment options may include:

• Antifungal medicines for yeast or fungal infections
• Antiviral medicines for viral infections
• Antibiotics for bacterial infections
• Acid-reducing medicines to help decrease irritation

Your provider may also recommend lifestyle changes to help the esophagus heal, such as avoiding smoking, alcohol, spicy foods, and late-night meals.

Most people begin to feel better once treatment starts, though recovery can take longer if the immune system is weakened. Without treatment, complications such as ulcers, bleeding, or narrowing of the esophagus can develop.