What is indigestion?
Indigestion, also called dyspepsia, is a common condition that causes discomfort in the upper part of the stomach. People may notice burning, bloating, pressure, or feeling too full during or after meals.
Although indigestion can happen occasionally after eating, frequent symptoms may point to another digestive issue that should be evaluated by a healthcare provider.
Many things can contribute to indigestion. Common causes include:
- Acid reflux (GERD)
- Stomach irritation or ulcers
- Infection with H. pylori bacteria
- Gallbladder problems
- Certain medications, especially anti-inflammatory pain relievers
- Eating too quickly or overeating
- Fatty or spicy foods
- Smoking or alcohol use
- Stress and anxiety
Symptoms
Indigestion can feel different from person to person. Symptoms often appear during or after eating.
Common symptoms include:
- Burning or discomfort in the upper abdomen
- Feeling full sooner than expected while eating
- Bloating or excess gas
- Burping
- Nausea
- Upset stomach
- Occasional vomiting
Seek medical care right away if indigestion happens with symptoms such as trouble swallowing, unexplained weight loss, black stools, vomiting blood, chest pain, or severe abdominal pain.
How is it diagnosed?
Your provider will ask about your symptoms, eating habits, medications, and medical history. A physical exam can help identify signs of digestive problems or other conditions.
Depending on your symptoms, additional testing may include blood work, testing for H. pylori, imaging studies, or an upper endoscopy to look at the stomach and upper digestive tract more closely.
How is it treated?
Treatment for indigestion depends on the cause and severity of symptoms. Many people improve with simple lifestyle changes.
Conservative treatment options may include:
- Eating smaller meals more slowly
- Avoiding foods that trigger symptoms
- Limiting alcohol and caffeine
- Quitting smoking
- Managing stress
- Avoiding medications that irritate the stomach when possible
Your provider may also recommend medications to reduce stomach acid or help the stomach empty more effectively. If a bacterial infection such as H. pylori is found, antibiotics may be prescribed.
When symptoms continue despite treatment, further evaluation may be needed to rule out other digestive conditions.
