What is IgA nephropathy?
IgA nephropathy is a kidney disease that happens when a protein from the immune system, called immunoglobulin A (IgA), builds up in the kidneys. These deposits cause inflammation in the tiny filters that clean waste from the blood.
Over time, this inflammation can damage the kidneys and affect how well they work. Some people have mild disease for many years, while others may develop chronic kidney disease or kidney failure.
The exact cause of IgA nephropathy is not fully understood. Experts believe it is linked to an abnormal immune response that causes IgA proteins to collect in the kidneys.
Risk factors may include:
- Family history of kidney disease
- Male sex
- Younger age, often before 40
- Certain respiratory or intestinal infections
Symptoms
IgA nephropathy often develops slowly, and some people may not notice symptoms right away. Signs can appear gradually as kidney damage increases.
Common symptoms include:
- Blood in the urine
- Foamy urine caused by excess protein
- Swelling in the feet, ankles, hands, or face
- High blood pressure
- Tiredness or low energy
- Pain in the side or lower back near the kidneys
How is it diagnosed?
Your healthcare provider will review your symptoms, medical history, and overall health. Testing helps determine how well the kidneys are working and whether inflammation is present.
Diagnosis may include:
- Urine tests to check for blood or protein
- Blood tests to measure kidney function
- Blood pressure monitoring
- Imaging or additional lab testing when needed
- Kidney biopsy to confirm IgA deposits in kidney tissue
A kidney biopsy is the most accurate way to confirm IgA nephropathy.
How is it treated?
Treatment focuses on protecting kidney function, lowering inflammation, and reducing the risk of long-term complications. Care is personalized based on the severity of the disease and how well the kidneys are functioning.
Treatment options may include:
- Medications to control blood pressure
- ACE inhibitors or ARBs to help protect the kidneys
- Medicines that reduce inflammation in certain cases
- Cholesterol-lowering medications if needed
- Healthy diet and reduced sodium intake
- Exercise and weight management
- Smoking cessation support
People with IgA nephropathy usually need regular follow-up visits to monitor kidney health. In advanced cases, dialysis or kidney transplant may become necessary.
