What is hypothyroidism?
Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland doesn’t make enough hormones to support normal body function. The thyroid sits at the front of the neck and helps regulate how your body uses energy. When hormone levels are low, many systems in the body begin to slow down.
What causes it?
The most common cause is an autoimmune condition in which the body mistakenly attacks the thyroid. Other possible causes include:
- Previous thyroid surgery or radiation treatment
- Hormonal changes after pregnancy
- Problems with the pituitary gland
- Low iodine levels in the diet
Certain people are more likely to develop hypothyroidism, including women, older adults, and those with a family history of thyroid disease.
Symptoms
Hypothyroidism often develops gradually, and symptoms can be easy to overlook at first.
Common symptoms include:
- Ongoing tiredness or low energy
- Feeling unusually cold
- Weight gain without a clear cause
- Dry skin or thinning hair
- Constipation
- Slower heart rate
- Muscle aches or joint stiffness
- Puffy face or swelling
- Changes in mood, such as depression
- Irregular or heavier menstrual cycles
How is it diagnosed?
A healthcare provider will begin with a physical exam and a review of your symptoms. Blood tests are the main way to confirm the condition. These tests measure thyroid hormone levels and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). In some cases, additional tests may check for antibodies that indicate an autoimmune cause.
How is it treated?
Treatment focuses on restoring normal hormone levels.
Most people take a daily medication that replaces the missing thyroid hormone. Your provider will adjust the dose over time based on blood test results and how you feel.
With the right treatment, symptoms often improve steadily. However, many people will need to continue medication long-term and have regular checkups to keep levels balanced.
