What is Huntington’s disease?

Huntington’s disease is an inherited condition that affects the brain. Over time, it damages nerve cells that control movement, thinking, and emotions. As these changes progress, it becomes harder to manage daily activities.

Most people begin to notice symptoms in mid-adulthood, but in rare cases, it can start in childhood or the teenage years.

Symptoms

Huntington’s disease develops gradually, and symptoms often change over time.

Common symptoms include:

• Mood changes such as depression, irritability, or anxiety
• Trouble focusing, learning, or making decisions
• Memory problems
• Uncontrolled movements (jerking or twisting motions)
• Difficulty speaking or swallowing
• Changes in personality or behavior
• Confusion or poor judgment

In younger individuals, symptoms may look different and can include:

• Stiffness or slowed movement
• Tremors
• Trouble with school performance

What causes it?

Huntington’s disease is caused by a genetic change passed from parent to child. If one parent carries the gene, each child has a 50% chance of inheriting it. In rare cases, it can appear without a known family history.

How is it diagnosed?

Diagnosing Huntington’s disease involves a careful evaluation of symptoms and medical history. Your provider will perform a neurological exam to assess movement, coordination, and thinking skills.

Additional testing may include:

• Genetic testing to confirm the condition
• Brain imaging, such as MRI or CT scans, to look for changes in brain structure
• Cognitive or psychiatric evaluations

How is it treated?

While there is no cure for Huntington’s disease, treatment focuses on helping you manage symptoms and maintain quality of life.

Treatment options may include:

• Medications to reduce involuntary movements
• Antidepressants or anti-anxiety medications for mood symptoms
• Therapy to support emotional and behavioral health
• Physical, occupational, and speech therapy to improve daily function

As the condition progresses, more support may be needed. Many people eventually require full-time care. Staying active and engaged in regular movement can help support overall well-being.