What is herpes eye disease?
Herpes eye disease is an infection caused by the herpes simplex virus, most often HSV-1 — the same virus that can cause cold sores. The infection can affect different parts of the eye, especially the cornea, which is the clear front surface of the eye.
After the virus enters the body, it can remain inactive for years. In some people, it becomes active again and causes eye symptoms that may return over time.
Flare-ups happen when the herpes virus becomes active again. Triggers may include illness, stress, fever, sunlight exposure, or an eye injury. People with weakened immune systems may have a higher risk of repeated outbreaks.
Without treatment, repeated infections can damage the cornea and lead to long-term vision problems.
Symptoms
Herpes eye disease can range from mild irritation to more serious inflammation that affects vision. Symptoms may develop suddenly and usually affect one eye.
Common symptoms include:
- Eye redness
- Eye pain or irritation
- Tearing or watery eyes
- Sensitivity to light
- Blurred vision
- Feeling like something is stuck in the eye
- Swollen eyelids
- Blisters or sores near the eye
How is it diagnosed?
An eye care provider will examine your eyes and ask about your symptoms and medical history. During the exam, they may use a slit lamp microscope to closely look at the surface of the eye.
Special dye drops are often used to highlight irritation or damage on the cornea. In some cases, additional testing may be needed if the diagnosis is unclear.
How is it treated?
Treatment depends on which part of the eye is affected and how severe the infection is. Most people are treated with antiviral medications to help control the virus and reduce symptoms.
Treatment options may include:
- Oral antiviral medication
- Antiviral eye drops or ointments
- Steroid eye drops to reduce inflammation
- Antibiotic drops if a secondary infection is a concern
Some people with repeated flare-ups may need long-term antiviral treatment to lower the chance of future episodes.
With early care, many people recover well. However, repeated infections can cause corneal scarring and vision changes. Severe damage may require advanced treatment, including corneal transplant surgery.
