What Is Hepatitis B?
Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver. The infection can cause the liver to become inflamed, making it harder for the body to filter waste and perform other important functions.
Some people only have hepatitis B for a short time, while others develop a long-term infection. Chronic hepatitis B can increase the risk of serious liver problems if it is not carefully managed.
Hepatitis B spreads through contact with infected blood or certain body fluids. Common causes of transmission include unprotected sex, sharing needles, and exposure to blood through injuries or medical procedures. A mother with hepatitis B can also pass the virus to her baby during childbirth.
Certain people have a higher risk of infection, including healthcare workers, people who inject drugs, and individuals living with someone who has hepatitis B.
Symptoms
Many people with hepatitis B do not notice symptoms right away. When symptoms do appear, they can range from mild to severe.
Common symptoms may include:
- Feeling very tired
- Fever
- Loss of appetite
- Nausea or vomiting
- Pain or discomfort in the abdomen
- Muscle or joint aches
- Dark urine
- Light-colored stools
- Yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice)
How Is It Diagnosed?
A healthcare provider will review your symptoms, medical history, and possible exposure risks. Blood tests are used to confirm hepatitis B and check how well the liver is working.
In some cases, imaging tests such as an ultrasound may be recommended to look for signs of liver damage. People with chronic hepatitis B may need ongoing monitoring to watch for complications.
How Is It Treated?
Treatment depends on whether the infection is acute or chronic. Many people with short-term hepatitis B improve with rest, fluids, good nutrition, and regular medical follow-up.
Long-term hepatitis B may require antiviral medications to help slow the virus and reduce damage to the liver. Your provider may also recommend regular blood tests and imaging to monitor liver health over time.
If severe liver damage develops, advanced treatment options such as a liver transplant may be considered.
Vaccination remains one of the best ways to prevent hepatitis B infection.
