What Are Hemorrhoids?

Hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the lower rectum or around the anus. They can develop inside the rectum or under the skin near the opening of the anus. This condition is very common and can affect adults of all ages.

Pressure on the veins in this area is the main cause of hemorrhoids. Straining during bowel movements, pregnancy, constipation, and long periods of sitting can all increase that pressure.

Several factors can raise your risk of developing hemorrhoids, including:

• Chronic constipation or diarrhea
• Straining during bowel movements
• Pregnancy and childbirth
• Obesity
• Heavy lifting
• Sitting on the toilet for long periods
• Low-fiber eating habits
• Aging

Symptoms

Hemorrhoids can cause mild irritation or more noticeable discomfort depending on their size and location. Some people may only have occasional symptoms, while others experience ongoing flare-ups.

Common symptoms include:

• Bright red blood on toilet paper or in the toilet bowl
• Itching or irritation around the anus
• Pain or soreness when sitting or during bowel movements
• Swelling near the anus
• A tender lump near the rectal area
• A feeling of fullness or discomfort

How Is It Diagnosed?

A healthcare provider can often diagnose hemorrhoids during a physical exam. They may ask about your symptoms, bowel habits, and medical history.

Depending on your symptoms, additional testing may be recommended. These tests can include a digital rectal exam, anoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, or colonoscopy. Testing helps rule out other causes of rectal bleeding and confirms the diagnosis.

How Is It Treated?

Treatment for hemorrhoids usually begins with simple changes that help reduce pressure and irritation. Many people find relief with home care and lifestyle adjustments.

Common treatments include:

• Eating more fiber-rich foods
• Drinking more water
• Taking stool softeners if needed
• Warm sitz baths
• Cold packs to reduce swelling
• Over-the-counter creams or suppositories
• Avoiding straining during bowel movements

If symptoms do not improve, minimally invasive procedures may help shrink or remove hemorrhoids. These can include rubber band ligation, sclerotherapy, or infrared coagulation.

For severe or recurring hemorrhoids, surgery may be recommended. Recovery depends on the type of treatment and the severity of the condition, but many people experience significant symptom relief after treatment.