What Is Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome?
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a rare condition that affects the blood and kidneys. It happens when damaged red blood cells block tiny blood vessels in the kidneys, making it harder for the kidneys to filter waste and extra fluid from the body.
HUS is most common in young children and often develops after a stomach infection caused by certain types of E. coli bacteria. People may become infected after eating contaminated food or drinking unsafe water. Common sources include undercooked ground beef, unpasteurized milk or juice, and raw produce that has not been washed properly.
Although HUS is more common in children, adults can also develop the condition. In rare cases, pregnancy, certain medications, inherited conditions, or immune system disorders may play a role.
Symptoms
HUS often begins with symptoms of a stomach illness before kidney problems develop. Signs and symptoms may include:
- Bloody diarrhea
- Stomach pain or cramping
- Nausea and vomiting
- Fever
- Fatigue or unusual sleepiness
- Pale skin
- Easy bruising
- Swelling in the hands, feet, or face
- Decreased urination
- High blood pressure
How Is It Diagnosed?
Doctors diagnose HUS by reviewing symptoms, medical history, and lab results. Blood tests can show signs of anemia, low platelet levels, and kidney problems. Urine tests help check how well the kidneys are working.
A stool sample may also be used to look for E. coli infection or other bacteria linked to the illness. Blood pressure monitoring is important because kidney problems can lead to high blood pressure.
How Is It Treated?
Treatment for HUS focuses on supporting the body while the kidneys recover and preventing complications. Many patients need care in the hospital.
Treatment may include:
- IV fluids to maintain hydration
- Careful monitoring of electrolytes and kidney function
- Medications to control blood pressure
- Blood transfusions for severe anemia
- Nutritional support
- Dialysis if the kidneys are not working properly
Recovery depends on how severe the illness becomes and how quickly treatment begins. Many children recover fully, though some people may continue to have kidney problems or high blood pressure after the illness improves.
