What is a headache?

A headache is a feeling of pain or pressure in the head or face. While it can feel intense, the discomfort doesn’t come from the brain itself—it comes from nearby nerves, muscles, and blood vessels. Headaches are very common and can range from mild to severe, happening occasionally or more often over time.

Common causes and triggers include:

• Stress or muscle tension
• Dehydration or missed meals
• Changes in sleep patterns
• Hormonal shifts
• Certain foods or medications

Some headaches are linked to other health conditions, such as infections, sinus issues, or injuries.

Symptoms

Headaches can feel different depending on the type and the cause. Some develop slowly, while others come on suddenly.

Common symptoms include:

• Dull, aching pain or pressure
• Tightness around the forehead or back of the head
• Pain on one or both sides of the head
• Neck or shoulder discomfort

Certain types have additional symptoms:

• Migraine: throbbing pain, nausea, sensitivity to light or sound, visual changes
• Cluster headaches: severe pain around one eye, tearing, and nasal congestion

How is it diagnosed?

Your provider will begin by asking about your symptoms, lifestyle, and medical history. A physical and neurological exam helps rule out more serious causes.

If your symptoms are unusual or severe, additional testing may be recommended, such as:

• Imaging tests like MRI or CT scans
• Blood tests
• Other specialized tests to check for infection or pressure changes

Most common headaches can be diagnosed without extensive testing.

How is it treated?

Treatment focuses on both relieving pain and preventing future headaches.

Conservative treatments often include:

• Resting in a quiet, dark room
• Staying hydrated and maintaining regular meals
• Managing stress through relaxation techniques
• Over-the-counter pain relievers

If headaches are frequent or severe:

• Prescription medications may be used to stop headaches early
• Preventive medications may be taken daily
• Identifying and avoiding triggers can reduce how often headaches occur

If another condition causes a headache, treatment will focus on addressing that underlying issue.

When to seek care

Most headaches are not dangerous, but some symptoms need prompt medical attention. Contact a provider if you experience:

• A sudden, severe headache
• Headache with fever, stiff neck, or confusion
• Vision changes or weakness
• Headache after an injury