What is glomerulonephritis?
Glomerulonephritis is a condition that causes inflammation in the tiny filters inside the kidneys, called glomeruli. These filters help remove waste and extra fluid from the blood. When they become damaged, the kidneys may not work as well as they should.
The condition can happen suddenly or develop slowly over time. Without treatment, ongoing inflammation may lead to lasting kidney damage.
Glomerulonephritis may develop after infections, immune system disorders, or other conditions that affect the kidneys. Possible causes include:
- Strep or other bacterial infections
- Viral infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, or HIV
- Autoimmune diseases like lupus
- IgA nephropathy
- Certain medications or toxin exposure
Symptoms
Symptoms of glomerulonephritis can appear gradually, and some people may not notice problems at first.
Common symptoms include:
- Swelling in the face, hands, feet, or abdomen
- Tiredness or low energy
- High blood pressure
- Blood in the urine
- Foamy urine caused by extra protein
- Decreased urination
- Nausea or loss of appetite
- Shortness of breath from fluid buildup
How is it diagnosed?
A healthcare provider will review your symptoms, medical history, and blood pressure. Testing is important to understand how well the kidneys are working and identify the cause of inflammation.
Diagnosis may include:
- Urine tests to check for blood or protein
- Blood tests to measure kidney function
- Kidney ultrasound imaging
- Kidney biopsy to examine kidney tissue under a microscope
How is it treated?
Treatment depends on the cause of the condition and how much kidney damage is present. Many people begin with medications and lifestyle changes to help protect kidney function.
Treatment options may include:
- Blood pressure medications to reduce stress on the kidneys
- Medicines that lower inflammation or calm the immune system
- Diuretics to help remove extra fluid
- Dietary changes that limit sodium, protein, or potassium
- Ongoing monitoring of kidney health
If kidney function becomes severely reduced, dialysis may be needed to filter waste from the blood. In advanced cases, a kidney transplant may be recommended.
Some people recover with treatment, while others need long-term care to help slow kidney disease progression.
