What is glioblastoma multiforme?

Glioblastoma multiforme, often called GBM, is an aggressive type of brain cancer. It begins in supportive brain cells called astrocytes and spreads rapidly throughout the brain.

This tumor is known to spread into nearby brain tissue, making it difficult to remove fully. While it rarely travels to other parts of the body, it can significantly affect how the brain works.

The exact cause of GBM is not fully understood. It is linked to changes in the DNA of brain cells that cause them to grow out of control. Most cases occur without a clear reason and are more common in adults later in life.

Symptoms

GBM symptoms often develop gradually and depend on where the tumor is located in the brain. As it grows, it can also increase pressure inside the skull.

Common symptoms include:

• Persistent headaches
• Seizures
• Nausea or vomiting
• Vision or hearing changes
• Trouble speaking or understanding words
• Memory loss or difficulty thinking clearly
• Weakness in the arms or legs
• Balance or walking problems
• Mood or personality changes

How is it diagnosed?

To diagnose GBM, your provider will begin with a detailed review of your symptoms and a neurological exam. This helps assess memory, coordination, strength, and other brain functions.

Imaging tests are essential and may include:

• MRI scans to locate and evaluate the tumor
• CT scans to detect bleeding or structural changes

If a tumor is found, a biopsy is usually needed to confirm the diagnosis. This involves taking a small tissue sample for testing. In many cases, specialists such as neurologists and oncologists work together to guide care.

How is it treated?

Treatment for GBM usually involves a combination of approaches tailored to your needs. The goal is to slow tumor growth, reduce symptoms, and support quality of life.

Common treatment options include:

Initial treatments

• Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as safely possible
• Radiation therapy to target remaining cancer cells
• Chemotherapy to help control tumor growth

Medications and supportive care

• Steroids to reduce swelling in the brain
• Anti-seizure medications
• Therapies to support movement, speech, or daily activities

Advanced or additional options

• Tumor-treating fields (specialized electrical therapy)
• Participation in clinical trials
• Repeat treatments if the tumor returns
• Palliative care focuses on comfort and symptom relief

Recovery and outcomes vary. While GBM is not usually curable, treatment can help extend life and improve day-to-day function. Ongoing follow-up with imaging is important to monitor for changes.