What is a giant cell tumor?
A giant cell tumor of bone is a rare growth that usually develops near the end of a bone close to a joint. Although it is typically noncancerous, it can grow quickly and damage nearby bone tissue if left untreated.
These tumors most often affect young adults after their bones have fully developed. The knee is one of the most common areas affected, but giant cell tumors can also occur in the arms, legs, pelvis, and other bones.
The exact cause of giant cell tumors is not fully known. In rare cases, they may be linked to Paget disease of bone, a condition that affects normal bone growth and structure.
Symptoms
Symptoms can develop gradually and may become more noticeable over time. The tumor can weaken the surrounding bone and affect joint movement.
Common symptoms include:
- Pain near a joint
- Swelling or tenderness
- Stiffness or reduced range of motion
- A visible lump or bump
- Weakness in the bone that may lead to fractures
How is it diagnosed?
Your healthcare provider will begin with a physical exam and a review of your symptoms and medical history. Imaging tests are commonly used to look closely at the affected bone and nearby tissues.
Diagnostic testing may include:
- X-rays
- MRI scans
- CT scans
- Bone scans
- A biopsy to confirm the diagnosis
These tests help determine the size and location of the tumor and guide treatment planning.
How is it treated?
Treatment focuses on removing the tumor, protecting the bone, and helping you return to normal movement and activity whenever possible.
Many patients begin with surgery to remove the tumor. Depending on how much bone is affected, additional procedures such as bone grafting or reconstruction may be needed to restore strength and stability.
Other treatment options may include:
- Physical therapy to improve mobility and strength after treatment
- Radiation therapy when surgery is not a safe option
- More extensive surgery in severe cases involving major bone damage
Because giant cell tumors can sometimes return, regular follow-up appointments and imaging may be recommended after treatment.
