What is GERD?

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a long-term condition where stomach acid flows backward into the esophagus.

This backflow happens when a muscle at the bottom of the esophagus doesn’t close properly. Over time, the acid can irritate the lining and cause ongoing discomfort.

What can lead to GERD:

• A weakened valve between the stomach and esophagus
• Being overweight or pregnant
• Eating large meals or trigger foods like spicy or fatty dishes
• Drinking alcohol or caffeine
• Smoking
• Certain medications, including some pain relievers
• A hiatal hernia (when part of the stomach moves upward)

Symptoms

GERD can feel different for each person, but it often shows up after eating or when lying down.

Common symptoms include:

• A burning feeling in the chest (heartburn)
• Sour or bitter fluid coming up into the throat
• Trouble swallowing
• Chronic cough or hoarseness
• Chest discomfort that worsens after meals

How is it diagnosed?

Your provider will begin by asking about your symptoms and medical history. In many cases, GERD can be identified based on how you feel and how you respond to treatment.

If more information is needed, tests may include:

• Endoscopy to look inside the esophagus and stomach
• pH monitoring to measure acid levels over time
• Esophageal manometry to evaluate muscle function
• Imaging tests, such as a barium swallow

These tests help confirm the diagnosis and check for any irritation or damage.

How is it treated?

Treatment usually starts with simple steps to reduce symptoms and protect your esophagus.

Lifestyle changes may include:

• Eating smaller meals
• Avoiding foods that trigger symptoms
• Maintaining a healthy weight
• Not lying down right after eating
• Limiting alcohol and quitting smoking

Medications can help:

• Antacids for quick relief
• H2 blockers to reduce acid production
• Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) for longer-lasting control and healing

Advanced options:

If symptoms don’t improve, procedures may be recommended. Surgery can strengthen the barrier between the stomach and esophagus, helping prevent acid reflux.

With the right care plan, most people can manage GERD and reduce symptoms over time.