What is Gastritis?

Gastritis is irritation and inflammation of the stomach lining. It can happen suddenly or develop slowly over time. When the stomach lining becomes inflamed, it may no longer protect the stomach as well from digestive acids.

Some people have mild symptoms, while others may experience ongoing discomfort that affects eating and daily activities.

Several conditions and habits can increase the risk of gastritis. Common causes include H. pylori bacterial infection, long-term use of anti-inflammatory pain medicines like ibuprofen or aspirin, smoking, and heavy alcohol use. Severe illness, stress on the body from injury or surgery, autoimmune disorders, and bile reflux can also contribute to stomach lining irritation.

Symptoms

Gastritis can cause a range of digestive symptoms that may come and go. Common symptoms include:

• Burning or aching pain in the upper abdomen
• Nausea or vomiting
• Feeling full after eating small amounts
• Bloating or indigestion
• Loss of appetite
• Frequent burping
• Dark stools or vomiting blood in severe cases

How is it diagnosed?

Healthcare providers diagnose gastritis by reviewing symptoms, medical history, and lifestyle factors. A physical exam can help identify areas of tenderness or signs of digestive problems.

Additional testing may include blood work, stool testing, or breath tests to check for H. pylori infection. Some people may need an upper endoscopy, which allows a provider to look directly at the stomach lining and collect a small tissue sample if needed.

How is it treated?

Treatment depends on the cause of the inflammation and how severe the symptoms are. Many people improve with medications that lower stomach acid and allow the stomach lining to heal.

Treatment options may include:

• Antacids for symptom relief
• Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or other acid-reducing medicines
• Antibiotics to treat H. pylori infection
• Changes to medications that may irritate the stomach
• Avoiding alcohol and smoking
• Limiting foods that worsen symptoms

Most cases improve with proper treatment and healthy lifestyle changes. If gastritis is left untreated, it can sometimes lead to ulcers, bleeding, or vitamin deficiencies.