What Is G6PD Deficiency?
G6PD deficiency is a genetic blood condition that affects how red blood cells function. People with this condition do not have enough of an enzyme called glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), which helps protect red blood cells from damage.
Without enough of this enzyme, certain medications, foods, infections, or chemicals can cause red blood cells to break down too quickly. This process is called hemolysis and can lead to anemia.
G6PD deficiency is inherited and is most common in males. It is seen more often in people with African, Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, or Asian backgrounds.
Common triggers include:
- Certain antibiotics and other medications
- Fava beans
- Infections
- Chemicals found in mothballs
- Some pain relievers or aspirin-containing products
Symptoms
Some people with G6PD deficiency never develop symptoms. Others may notice problems when they are exposed to a trigger that affects red blood cells.
Symptoms of a hemolytic episode may include:
- Fatigue or weakness
- Pale skin
- Yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice)
- Dark-colored urine
- Dizziness
- Shortness of breath
- Rapid heartbeat
- Fever
How Is It Diagnosed?
Healthcare providers diagnose G6PD deficiency with blood testing. These tests measure enzyme levels and can help identify whether red blood cells are breaking down too quickly.
Your provider may also ask about:
- Family history
- Recent illnesses
- Medications
- Symptoms of anemia
In some cases, repeat testing may be needed to confirm the diagnosis.
How Is It Treated?
Treatment focuses on preventing hemolytic episodes and managing symptoms if they occur. Many people can stay healthy by avoiding known triggers.
Treatment may include:
- Avoiding medications or foods that trigger symptoms
- Treating infections promptly
- Monitoring anemia symptoms
- Supportive care during episodes
Most mild episodes improve once the trigger is removed. Severe anemia is less common but may require hospital care or a blood transfusion.
With proper management, many people with G6PD deficiency live normal, active lives.
