What is Esophagitis?

Esophagitis is irritation and swelling in the lining of the esophagus, the tube that carries food and drinks from your mouth to your stomach. When the lining becomes inflamed, swallowing may become uncomfortable or painful.

This condition is often linked to acid reflux, but infections, allergies, and certain medications can also cause irritation. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and how severe the inflammation is.

Several conditions and lifestyle factors can contribute to esophagitis, including:

• Acid reflux (GERD)
• Frequent vomiting
• Food allergies
• Certain medications, especially when taken without enough water
• Smoking
• Obesity
• Pregnancy
• Radiation treatment
• Infections in people with weakened immune systems

Symptoms

Esophagitis symptoms can range from mild discomfort to more serious swallowing problems. Some people notice symptoms occasionally, while others have ongoing irritation.

Common symptoms include:

• Heartburn
• Pain when swallowing
• Difficulty swallowing
• Feeling like food is stuck in the throat or chest
• Sore throat
• Chest discomfort
• Nausea or vomiting

How is it diagnosed?

Your healthcare provider will ask about your symptoms, medical history, and eating habits. A physical exam may also help identify possible causes of irritation.

To better examine the esophagus, your provider may recommend tests such as:

• Upper endoscopy, which uses a small camera to look inside the esophagus
• Barium swallow X-rays to evaluate swallowing and look for narrowing
• Acid monitoring tests to check for reflux
• Biopsy samples during endoscopy if inflammation or allergy-related conditions are suspected

These tests help determine the cause of symptoms and guide treatment.

How is it treated?

Treatment for esophagitis focuses on reducing irritation and helping the esophagus heal. Many people improve with medication and lifestyle changes.

Common treatments include:

• Acid-reducing medications to control reflux
• Avoiding foods that trigger symptoms
• Taking pills with enough water and avoiding lying down right after medications
• Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol
• Weight management and dietary changes
• Steroid medications for allergy-related inflammation
• Antibiotics or antifungal medicines for infections

If inflammation causes narrowing of the esophagus, a procedure called dilation may be used to gently stretch the area and improve swallowing. In severe cases, advanced endoscopic treatment or surgery may be recommended.