What is erythema multiforme?
Erythema multiforme is a skin condition caused by an overreaction of the immune system. It is usually triggered by an infection, especially the herpes simplex virus, but some medicines can also cause it.
The condition often creates a sudden rash with circular, target-shaped spots on the skin. Most cases are mild and improve over time, though some people may have repeat flare-ups.
Common causes and triggers include:
- Herpes simplex virus (cold sores)
- Respiratory infections such as mycoplasma pneumonia
- Reactions to certain medicines, including some antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs
Symptoms
Erythema multiforme can appear quickly and may affect several areas of the body. Symptoms can range from mild irritation to more serious skin and mouth involvement.
Common symptoms include:
- Red, raised, or target-shaped spots on the skin
- Blisters or sores
- Rash on the hands, feet, arms, legs, or face
- Itching, burning, or discomfort
- Fever or tiredness
- Joint aches
- Mouth or eye irritation in more severe cases
How is it diagnosed?
A healthcare provider can often recognize erythema multiforme by examining the rash and reviewing your symptoms. They may also ask about recent infections, medications, or illnesses.
In some cases, additional testing may be needed. Blood tests can help look for infections, and a small skin sample called a biopsy may be used to confirm the diagnosis.
How is it treated?
Treatment depends on the cause and how severe the symptoms are. Mild cases may improve on their own within a few weeks.
Treatment options may include:
- Treating the infection that triggered the reaction
- Stopping a medication that may be causing symptoms
- Antiviral medicine for herpes-related flare-ups
- Medicines to reduce itching, pain, or inflammation
- Cool compresses and gentle skin care
Severe cases that involve widespread blistering or the eyes and mouth may require emergency medical care or hospitalization.
