What is epilepsy?

Epilepsy is a condition that affects how the brain sends electrical signals. When these signals become disrupted, it can lead to seizures—sudden changes in movement, awareness, or behavior.

Some people experience seizures only once, while others have repeated episodes. When seizures happen more than once without a clear temporary cause, it may be diagnosed as epilepsy.

Symptoms and Causes

Seizures can look different from person to person. The symptoms depend on which part of the brain is affected and how the seizure spreads.

Common symptoms may include:

• Staring or brief loss of awareness
• Sudden jerking or shaking movements
• Stiff or limp muscles
• Loss of consciousness
• Confusion or extreme tiredness afterward
• Sudden falls or collapse
• Repetitive movements like blinking or lip smacking

Epilepsy can have many possible causes. In some cases, the exact reason isn’t known.

Possible causes and risk factors include:

• Head injury or trauma
• Stroke or other blood vessel conditions
• Brain tumors
• Infections affecting the brain
• Genetic factors
• Chemical imbalances in the brain
• Drug or alcohol withdrawal
• Abnormal blood sugar or electrolyte levels

How is it diagnosed?

To understand what’s causing seizures, your provider will start with a detailed review of your symptoms and medical history. They may also ask about recent illnesses, injuries, or lifestyle factors.

Common tests may include:

• A neurological exam to check brain and nerve function
• Blood tests to look for underlying conditions
• Imaging tests like MRI or CT scans to view the brain
• An EEG to measure electrical activity in the brain

These tools help your care team determine the type of seizures and guide treatment decisions.

How is it treated?

Treatment focuses on reducing or preventing seizures so you can live safely and comfortably.

Most people begin with medication. These medicines help stabilize brain activity and are often very effective. Your provider may adjust the type or dose over time to find what works best for you.

If medication isn’t enough, other options may include:

• Vagus nerve stimulation (a device that sends signals to the brain)
• Surgery to remove or target the area where seizures begin

Lifestyle habits also play an important role. Getting enough sleep, taking medications as directed, and avoiding known triggers can help reduce seizure risk.

Many people can manage epilepsy successfully with the right treatment plan and ongoing care.