What is an epidural abscess?
An epidural abscess is a serious infection that develops in the space around the brain or spinal cord. This area normally protects the nervous system, but when infection occurs, it can fill with pus and cause swelling.
As pressure builds, it can affect how the brain or spinal cord works. Because of this, an epidural abscess is considered a medical emergency and needs prompt care.
Symptoms and Causes
Symptoms can vary depending on the location of the infection, but they often develop quickly and worsen over time.
Common symptoms include:
- Fever and chills
- Headache or back pain
- Weakness in the arms or legs
- Trouble walking or staying balanced
- Numbness or unusual sensations
- Nausea or vomiting
- Extreme fatigue
- Changes in alertness or confusion
- Loss of bladder or bowel control
- In severe cases, paralysis
Most epidural abscesses are caused by bacteria, especially Staphylococcus aureus. The infection may spread through the bloodstream or from nearby areas.
Risk factors may include:
- Ongoing sinus or ear infections
- Recent surgery or procedures involving the spine
- Infections in the blood or bones
- Injury to the head or back
- Conditions that weaken the immune system
How is it diagnosed?
Your provider will begin with a detailed medical history and physical exam, focusing on your nervous system. This helps check strength, sensation, coordination, and mental clarity.
Imaging tests are key for diagnosis. An MRI is usually the most effective way to find an abscess. A CT scan may also be used. Blood tests can help identify infection, and in some cases, fluid from the abscess is tested to determine the exact cause.
How is it treated?
Treatment begins right away, often in a hospital setting. Strong antibiotics are given through a vein to fight the infection.
If the abscess is large or causing pressure on the brain or spinal cord, a procedure may be needed to drain it. In more serious cases, surgery is required to remove the infected area and relieve pressure.
Recovery depends on how early treatment starts. Many people improve with prompt care, but delays can lead to lasting nerve damage or other serious complications.
