What Are Epidermoid Cysts?
Epidermoid cysts are small, noncancerous lumps that develop beneath the skin. They form when skin cells become trapped below the surface instead of shedding normally. Over time, these cells build up and create a cyst filled with keratin, a soft, thick material found in skin and hair.
These cysts often grow slowly and are commonly found on the face, scalp, neck, chest, back, or groin. Many epidermoid cysts are painless and do not cause serious health problems. These cysts develop when skin cells become trapped under the skin. This can happen after:
- Skin injuries or cuts
- Irritated or blocked hair follicles
- Acne or inflamed skin conditions
- Surgical wounds or repeated skin friction
Trying to squeeze or pop a cyst can increase the risk of infection and scarring.
Symptoms
Epidermoid cysts can vary in size and may stay the same for years or gradually grow larger. Some remain symptom-free, while others become irritated or infected.
Common symptoms include:
- A round lump beneath the skin
- A soft or firm bump that moves slightly when touched
- Redness or swelling
- Tenderness or discomfort
- Thick drainage that may have an odor
- Warmth or irritation around the area
How Is It Diagnosed?
A healthcare provider can usually diagnose an epidermoid cyst during a physical exam. They will look at the size, location, and appearance of the lump and ask about any symptoms you may be having.
In some cases, a small tissue sample may be tested to confirm the diagnosis or rule out other skin conditions.
How Is It Treated?
Many epidermoid cysts do not need treatment, especially if they are small and not causing discomfort. Your provider may recommend monitoring the cyst over time.
When treatment is needed, options may include:
- Warm compresses to ease irritation
- Steroid injections to reduce swelling
- Antibiotics if infection develops
- Drainage to relieve pressure or pain
- Surgical removal of the cyst and its lining
Removing the entire cyst wall helps lower the chance that the cyst will return. Most people recover well after treatment, especially when infection is treated early.
