What is enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)?

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) is a type of bacteria that can cause a serious intestinal infection. It belongs to a group of E. coli bacteria that produce Shiga toxin, which can irritate and damage the lining of the intestines.

Many E. coli bacteria normally live in the digestive system without causing harm, but EHEC is different. This infection is most often linked to contaminated food or water and can lead to severe diarrhea and dehydration.

EHEC spreads when harmful bacteria enter the body through contaminated food, water, or contact with infected animals or people. Common sources include:

• Undercooked ground beef
• Raw or unpasteurized milk, juice, or cider
• Contaminated fruits and vegetables
• Untreated or contaminated water
• Poor hand hygiene after using the bathroom or handling animals

In some people, especially young children and older adults, the infection can lead to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a rare but serious condition that may affect the kidneys.

Symptoms

Symptoms of EHEC infection usually begin a few days after exposure and can range from mild to severe.

Common symptoms include:

• Strong stomach cramps
• Diarrhea, which may become bloody
• Nausea
• Fatigue
• Vomiting in some cases
• Mild fever or no fever at all

How is it diagnosed?

Healthcare providers usually diagnose EHEC with a stool test that checks for harmful strains of E. coli or Shiga toxin. Your provider will also ask about symptoms, recent meals, travel, or possible exposure to contaminated food or water.

Additional blood or urine tests may be needed if there are signs of dehydration or complications affecting the kidneys.

How is it treated?

Treatment for EHEC focuses on helping the body recover safely and preventing dehydration. Drinking fluids and getting enough rest are important for most people.

Antibiotics and anti-diarrheal medications are usually not recommended because they may increase the risk of complications. Severe illness may require hospital care, especially if dehydration or kidney problems develop.

If HUS occurs, treatment may include:

• IV fluids
• Blood transfusions
• Kidney dialysis
• Intensive monitoring in the hospital

Most people recover within about a week, though fatigue may last longer in some cases.