What is Endometriosis?

Endometriosis is a condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus. This tissue still responds to monthly hormone changes, which can lead to swelling, irritation, and scar formation. Over time, it may cause ongoing pain and affect reproductive health.

This condition most often involves organs in the pelvis, such as the ovaries or fallopian tubes, but it can sometimes affect nearby areas.

Symptoms and Causes

Endometriosis can look different from person to person. Some people have mild symptoms, while others experience significant discomfort.

Common symptoms include:

• Pelvic pain, especially during periods
• Lower back pain
• Pain during or after sex
• Heavy or irregular menstrual bleeding
• Trouble getting pregnant
• Fatigue
• Pain with urination or bowel movements during periods
• Digestive issues like bloating, constipation, or nausea

The exact cause isn’t fully understood. Experts believe several factors may play a role, including menstrual tissue flowing backward into the pelvis, genetics, and how the immune system responds.

You may have a higher risk if:

• A close family member has endometriosis
• Your menstrual cycles are shorter or start early
• There are structural differences in the uterus

How is it diagnosed?

Your provider will start by discussing your symptoms and medical history. A pelvic exam may also be done to check for tenderness or abnormalities.

Imaging tests, such as ultrasound or MRI, can help identify cysts or affected areas. In many cases, a minimally invasive procedure called laparoscopy is used to confirm the diagnosis and see the extent of the condition. A small tissue sample may also be taken for further testing.

How is it treated?

Treatment depends on your symptoms, overall health, and plans for pregnancy. Many people begin with simple, noninvasive options.

Common treatments include:

• Over-the-counter or prescription pain relief
• Hormone-based therapies to reduce or stop menstrual cycles
• Lifestyle steps like exercise, heat therapy, and stress management

If symptoms continue, surgery may be recommended to remove areas of endometriosis. This is often done using minimally invasive techniques. In more severe cases, more extensive procedures—including removal of reproductive organs—may be considered.

Because endometriosis can be a long-term condition, ongoing care may be needed. Many people find relief with the right combination of treatments.