What is diphtheria?
Diphtheria is a serious bacterial infection that usually affects the throat and airways. In some cases, it can also infect the skin. Although it is now rare in the United States because of routine vaccination, diphtheria can still cause severe illness if not treated quickly.
The bacteria can produce toxins that damage important organs, including the heart and nerves. Early medical care is important to reduce the risk of complications.
Diphtheria spreads through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing. It can also spread through direct contact with infected skin sores. People who are not fully vaccinated have a higher risk of infection.
Symptoms
Diphtheria symptoms can vary depending on which part of the body is affected. Respiratory diphtheria is the most common and most serious form.
Common symptoms may include:
- Sore throat
- Fever
- Swollen glands in the neck
- Hoarse voice
- Trouble breathing or swallowing
- Weakness or fatigue
- Thick gray coating in the throat or tonsils
Skin diphtheria may cause:
- Open sores or ulcers
- Yellow or gray patches on the skin
- Redness or swelling around the sores
How is it diagnosed?
Healthcare providers diagnose diphtheria by reviewing symptoms and performing a physical exam. A sample from the throat or an affected skin area may be tested in a laboratory to confirm the infection.
Additional testing may be needed to check for breathing problems or complications involving the heart or nervous system.
How is it treated?
Treatment for diphtheria should begin as soon as the infection is suspected. Quick treatment can help prevent serious complications.
Treatment options may include:
- Antibiotics to clear the bacterial infection
- Antitoxin medicine to reduce harmful toxin effects
- Hospital care for monitoring and supportive treatment
- Breathing support if the airway becomes blocked
- Isolation precautions to prevent spreading the infection
Recovery depends on how severe the illness is and how quickly treatment begins. Some people recover fully, while others may experience complications that require ongoing care.
Vaccination remains the best way to prevent diphtheria. Routine childhood vaccines and adult booster shots help protect against infection.
