What Is Diarrhea?
Diarrhea is a common digestive problem that causes loose or watery bowel movements. Many people also notice they need to use the bathroom more often than usual.
Short-term diarrhea often improves within a few days, especially when caused by a mild infection or something eaten. When symptoms continue for several weeks, it may be related to an underlying digestive condition that needs medical attention.
There are many possible causes of diarrhea. Common causes include viral infections, food poisoning, bacteria, parasites, and reactions to certain medications. Some people develop diarrhea because of food intolerances or digestive conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or celiac disease. Travel-related exposure to contaminated food or water can also trigger symptoms.
Symptoms
Diarrhea can range from mild to severe. Some people experience only a few loose stools, while others may develop dehydration or ongoing digestive problems.
Common symptoms may include:
- Loose or watery stools
- Frequent bowel movements
- Stomach cramps or abdominal pain
- Bloating
- Nausea or vomiting
- Fever
- Urgent need to use the bathroom
- Blood in the stool
- Fatigue or weakness
Diarrhea can also lead to dehydration. Signs of dehydration include:
- Increased thirst
- Dry mouth
- Dizziness
- Dark urine or urinating less often
- Rapid heartbeat
How Is It Diagnosed?
A healthcare provider will begin by reviewing your symptoms, medical history, and recent diet or travel history. A physical exam can help identify signs of dehydration or other concerns.
Depending on your symptoms, additional testing may include stool studies, blood work, or imaging tests. If diarrhea is severe, persistent, or associated with bleeding, procedures such as a colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy may be recommended to evaluate the digestive tract more closely.
How Is It Treated?
Treatment depends on the cause and severity of symptoms. Many mild cases improve with rest, fluids, and temporary dietary changes. Replacing lost fluids and electrolytes is one of the most important parts of recovery.
When dehydration is more significant, oral rehydration solutions may be recommended. Antibiotics may help if a bacterial infection is identified, though they are not useful for most viral illnesses. In some situations, medications can help reduce diarrhea symptoms safely.
If diarrhea is linked to an ongoing condition such as IBS, IBD, or celiac disease, long-term treatment may focus on managing the underlying disorder. Most people recover within a few days, but ongoing symptoms should be evaluated by a healthcare provider.
