What is Diabetic Neuropathy?
Diabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by diabetes. Over time, high blood sugar can injure nerves and reduce the blood flow they need to stay healthy. This condition most often affects the feet and legs, but it can also impact the hands and other parts of the body.
Nerves help control movement, feeling, digestion, and many automatic body functions. When nerves become damaged, everyday activities may become more difficult or uncomfortable.
The biggest risk factor is long-term high blood sugar. Other factors that may increase risk include:
- Having diabetes for many years
- High blood pressure
- High cholesterol
- Smoking
- Obesity
- Family history of nerve disease
Symptoms
Diabetic neuropathy symptoms can develop slowly and may become worse over time. Some people notice mild tingling at first, while others develop pain or loss of feeling.
Common symptoms include:
- Numbness in the feet, legs, or hands
- Tingling or burning sensations
- Sharp or stabbing pain
- Muscle weakness
- Trouble with balance or walking
- Foot sores or injuries that may not be felt right away
- Dry or cracked skin on the feet
When nerves affecting internal organs are involved, symptoms may also include:
- Constipation or diarrhea
- Nausea or bloating
- Dizziness when standing
- Bladder problems
- Sexual dysfunction
- Changes in sweating patterns
How Is It Diagnosed?
A healthcare provider will review your symptoms, medical history, and diabetes management. During an exam, they may check muscle strength, reflexes, balance, and how well you can feel temperature, vibration, or touch.
Additional testing may include nerve conduction studies, electromyography (EMG), or tests that evaluate heart, bladder, or digestive function. These tests help determine how much nerve damage is present and which nerves are affected.
How Is It Treated?
Treatment focuses on slowing nerve damage, easing symptoms, and helping prevent complications. Keeping blood sugar levels in a healthy range is one of the most important parts of care.
Treatment options may include:
- Medications to help relieve nerve pain
- Lifestyle changes such as healthy eating and regular activity
- Physical therapy to improve strength and balance
- Foot care and protective footwear
- Treatment for digestive, bladder, or circulation problems related to nerve damage
Many people benefit from ongoing monitoring and regular diabetes care. Early treatment can help reduce discomfort and lower the risk of serious complications such as foot ulcers or infections.
