What is craniopharyngioma?

Craniopharyngioma is a rare, noncancerous brain tumor that develops near the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland helps control growth, hormones, metabolism, and other important body functions.

Even though the tumor is not cancer, it can still cause serious problems by pressing on nearby parts of the brain. This may affect a child’s vision, hormone levels, growth, and energy.

The exact cause of craniopharyngioma is not fully understood. Researchers believe it may develop from abnormal cell growth early in development. There are no known lifestyle causes or ways to prevent it.

Symptoms

Symptoms can vary depending on the size and location of the tumor. In many children, symptoms develop slowly over time.

Common symptoms may include:

• Frequent headaches
• Nausea or vomiting
• Vision changes
• Trouble with balance or walking
• Low energy or unusual tiredness
• Slow growth or delayed puberty
• Increased thirst or urination
• Mood or behavior changes
• Weight gain

How is it diagnosed?

Healthcare providers begin with a physical and neurological exam. They will ask about symptoms, vision changes, growth patterns, and hormone-related concerns.

Imaging tests such as MRI are commonly used to look closely at the brain and tumor location. CT scans, vision testing, and blood tests to measure hormone levels may also be part of the evaluation.

Children with craniopharyngioma are often cared for by a team that may include pediatric neurosurgeons, endocrinologists, neurologists, and vision specialists.

How is it treated?

Treatment depends on the size of the tumor, its location, and how it affects nearby brain structures.

Surgery is often the first treatment and aims to remove as much of the tumor as safely possible. In some cases, a small portion may be left behind to avoid damaging important areas of the brain.

Additional treatment may include:

• Radiation therapy to treat remaining tumor tissue
• Hormone replacement therapy
• Regular imaging and hormone monitoring
• Treatment for vision or growth-related complications

Some children need long-term follow-up care because the tumor can return or because hormone changes may continue after treatment.