What is constipation?
Constipation happens when bowel movements become less frequent or harder to pass. Stool may be dry, firm, or difficult to move through the intestines.
Everyone’s normal bowel pattern is different. Some people have bowel movements several times a day, while others may go only a few times a week. Constipation is usually diagnosed based on symptoms and changes from your usual routine.
Constipation is often linked to lifestyle habits such as low fiber intake, dehydration, or lack of physical activity. Other causes may include pregnancy, aging, certain medicines, thyroid disease, irritable bowel syndrome, or problems affecting the muscles and nerves involved in bowel movements.
Symptoms
Constipation can happen occasionally or become an ongoing problem. Symptoms may range from mild discomfort to significant pain or bloating.
Common symptoms include:
- Fewer bowel movements than usual
- Hard or lumpy stools
- Straining during bowel movements
- Bloating
- Abdominal discomfort or cramping
- Feeling like the bowels are not fully empty
How is it diagnosed?
Healthcare providers diagnose constipation by reviewing symptoms, bowel habits, diet, medicines, and medical history. A physical exam may also be performed.
In some cases, additional testing may be needed to look for underlying conditions. These tests can include blood work, imaging studies, colonoscopy, or specialized tests that evaluate how the colon and rectum function.
How is it treated?
Treatment depends on the cause and severity of symptoms. Many people improve with simple lifestyle changes.
Treatment may include:
- Drinking more water
- Eating more fiber-rich foods
- Regular exercise
- Creating a consistent bathroom routine
- Fiber supplements or stool softeners
- Laxatives when recommended by a healthcare provider
If constipation is related to another health condition or medication, providers may recommend additional treatment. Some people may also benefit from pelvic floor therapy or biofeedback training.
Early treatment can help prevent complications such as hemorrhoids, anal fissures, or stool blockage.
