What is a compression fracture?
A compression fracture is a break in one of the bones of the spine, called vertebrae. The fracture causes the bone to weaken or collapse, which can change the shape and strength of the spine.
These fractures are most often caused by osteoporosis, a condition that makes bones thinner and more fragile. Compression fractures may also happen after an injury or when cancer affects the bones of the spine.
Osteoporosis is the leading cause of compression fractures, especially in older adults and people after menopause. Falls, car accidents, sports injuries, and tumors involving the spine can also lead to fractures.
Symptoms
Some compression fractures develop slowly and may not cause symptoms right away. Others can cause sudden pain and limit movement.
Common symptoms include:
- Sudden or worsening back pain
- Loss of height over time
- Stooped or hunched posture
- Difficulty bending or twisting
- Muscle weakness
- Numbness or tingling if nerves are affected
How is it diagnosed?
Healthcare providers diagnose compression fractures by reviewing symptoms, medical history, and any recent injuries. A physical exam helps evaluate posture, movement, and areas of tenderness.
Imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans are commonly used to confirm the fracture and check for nerve involvement. Bone density testing may also be recommended to look for osteoporosis.
How is it treated?
Treatment depends on the severity of the fracture and its underlying cause. Many people improve with nonsurgical care.
Treatment options may include:
- Pain-relieving medicines
- Short-term rest and activity changes
- Back bracing
- Physical therapy
- Exercises to improve strength and balance
- Calcium and vitamin D supplements
- Medicines to strengthen bones
Some people may need procedures such as vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty to stabilize the fractured bone and reduce pain. Surgery may be recommended if the spine becomes unstable or if nerves are compressed.
Most compression fractures heal over several weeks to months, although some people may continue to have long-term discomfort or posture changes.
