What is community-acquired pneumonia?
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a lung infection that develops outside of a hospital or healthcare facility. It causes inflammation in the lungs and can make it harder for the body to get enough oxygen.
Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other germs. Some cases are mild, while others may become serious and require hospital care. Influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae are common sources of infection.
Certain factors can increase the risk of CAP, including smoking, chronic lung disease, diabetes, weakened immune function, heavy alcohol use, and older age.
Symptoms
Symptoms of CAP often begin suddenly and may get worse quickly.
Common symptoms include:
- Cough
- Fever and chills
- Shortness of breath
- Chest pain when breathing or coughing
- Fatigue
- Thick mucus
- Fast breathing
- Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea
How is it diagnosed?
Healthcare providers diagnose CAP by reviewing symptoms and listening to the lungs during a physical exam. Crackling or abnormal breathing sounds may suggest infection.
Chest X-rays are commonly used to confirm pneumonia. Blood tests, oxygen level testing, and sputum samples may also help identify the cause and determine how severe the infection is.
How is it treated?
Treatment depends on the cause of the pneumonia and how sick the person becomes. Mild cases can often be treated at home, while severe infections may require hospitalization.
Treatment may include:
- Antibiotics for bacterial infections
- Rest and fluids
- Medicines to reduce fever or discomfort
- Oxygen therapy
- Breathing treatments
People with severe pneumonia may need IV medicines or breathing support in the hospital. Many people begin feeling better within several days, though full recovery can take longer.
Vaccines, handwashing, and avoiding smoking can help lower the risk of pneumonia.
