What Are Cold Sores?
Cold sores are small, painful blisters that usually appear on or around the lips. They are caused by the herpes simplex virus, most commonly HSV-1.
After the first infection, the virus stays in the body in an inactive state. Certain triggers can reactivate the virus and lead to future outbreaks.
Cold sores spread through close contact with saliva or skin, including:
- Kissing
- Sharing drinks or eating utensils
- Sharing towels or lip products
Several factors can trigger outbreaks, such as:
- Stress
- Illness
- Too much sun exposure
- Hormonal changes
- Fatigue
- A weakened immune system
Symptoms
Many people notice warning signs before a cold sore appears. Symptoms may begin with tingling, itching, or a burning feeling around the lips.
Common symptoms include:
- Small fluid-filled blisters near the mouth
- Crusting or scabbing as sores heal
- Lip irritation or tenderness
- Itching or dryness
- Mild pain or discomfort
During a first outbreak, some people may also experience fever, swollen lymph nodes, or flu-like symptoms.
How Are Cold Sores Diagnosed?
Healthcare providers can usually diagnose cold sores by examining the affected area and reviewing symptoms.
If the diagnosis is unclear, a sample from the sore may be tested to confirm the virus.
How Are Cold Sores Treated?
Cold sores often heal on their own within one to two weeks. Treatment focuses on easing symptoms and shortening the outbreak when possible.
Treatment options may include:
- Oral antiviral medicines
- Antiviral creams
- Pain-relief products
- Lip moisturizers and skin care
Antiviral medicines work best when started early, often at the first sign of tingling or burning.
People who experience frequent outbreaks may benefit from avoiding personal triggers such as excessive sun exposure or stress. In some cases, healthcare providers may recommend preventive antiviral medicine for recurring severe outbreaks.
