What are cluster headaches?

Cluster headaches are a rare but very painful type of headache that happens in cycles. People experience repeated attacks over days or weeks, followed by periods with no symptoms. The pain is usually focused around one eye and can feel intense and overwhelming.

These headaches tend to follow a pattern, often occurring at the same time each day during a cluster period.

The exact cause isn’t fully understood, but cluster headaches are linked to changes in brain activity and body chemicals.

Certain triggers may bring on an attack, especially during a cluster period:

• Alcohol use
• Smoking
• Bright lights
• Heat or physical exertion
• Changes in altitude
• Foods with nitrates, like processed meats

Symptoms

Cluster headaches come on suddenly and can be severe. Symptoms often affect one side of the head.

Common symptoms include:

• Sharp or burning pain around or behind one eye
• Red or watery eye
• Stuffy or runny nose on one side
• Drooping or swollen eyelid
• Sweating on the forehead
• Feeling restless or unable to sit still

How is it diagnosed?

Your provider will start by asking about your symptoms and how often they occur. The timing and pattern of headaches are key to identifying cluster headaches.

A neurological exam may be performed, and imaging tests like an MRI or CT scan may be used to rule out other conditions.

How is it treated?

Treatment focuses on relieving pain quickly and reducing how often headaches happen.

For immediate relief during an attack:

• Oxygen therapy delivered through a mask
• Fast-acting medications such as sumatriptan

To prevent future episodes, your provider may recommend daily medications such as:

• Verapamil to help regulate blood vessels
• Short-term steroids to reduce inflammation
• Other medications to stabilize brain activity

Avoiding known triggers and tracking headaches in a journal can also help manage symptoms over time.

Cluster headaches are not life-threatening, but they can disrupt daily life. With the right care plan, many people find relief and better control of their symptoms.