What is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia?
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, or CLL, is a type of blood cancer that affects white blood cells called lymphocytes. These cells grow out of control and build up in the blood and bone marrow. Over time, they can interfere with the body’s ability to fight infections.
CLL usually develops slowly and is most often diagnosed in older adults.
The exact cause of CLL is not fully understood. It is linked to changes in the DNA of certain white blood cells. Risk increases with age, and it may be more likely in people with a family history of blood cancers.
Symptoms
CLL may not cause noticeable symptoms at first. Many people learn they have it after routine blood work.
As the condition progresses, symptoms may include:
- Ongoing fatigue or weakness
- Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, or groin
- Frequent infections
- Unexplained weight loss
- Fever or night sweats
How is it diagnosed?
CLL is often first suspected after a blood test shows a high white blood cell count.
To confirm the diagnosis, your provider may use:
- Blood tests to measure and examine different blood cells
- Specialized lab tests (flow cytometry) to identify leukemia cells
- Genetic testing to look for chromosome changes
- Bone marrow biopsy in some cases
Your care team may also perform a physical exam to check for swollen lymph nodes or an enlarged spleen.
How is it treated?
Treatment depends on the severity of the condition and whether symptoms are present.
For early-stage CLL, your provider may recommend active surveillance, meaning careful monitoring without immediate treatment.
If treatment is needed, options may include:
- Targeted therapies that block cancer cell growth
- Immunotherapy to help your immune system fight cancer
- Chemotherapy in certain situations
- Radiation therapy for specific symptoms
- Stem cell transplant in rare, more aggressive cases
Many people live for years with CLL. Treatment focuses on controlling the disease and maintaining quality of life.
