What Is Chickenpox?
Chickenpox is a viral infection that causes an itchy rash and small fluid-filled blisters. It spreads easily from person to person, especially among children who have not been vaccinated.
Most cases are mild, but chickenpox can sometimes lead to serious illness in adults, pregnant women, infants, and people with weakened immune systems. Vaccination is the best way to help prevent infection and reduce the risk of complications.
Chickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus. The virus spreads through coughing, sneezing, or direct contact with the rash or blister fluid. People who have never had chickenpox or the vaccine are more likely to become infected.
Some people have a higher risk of severe illness, including:
- Adults
- Pregnant women
- Newborns
- People with weakened immune systems
After recovery, the virus stays inactive in the body and may reactivate later in life as shingles.
Symptoms
Chickenpox symptoms often begin with feeling tired or unwell before the rash appears. The rash usually starts as small red spots that turn into blisters and later scab over.
Common symptoms include:
- Itchy rash with blisters
- Fever
- Fatigue
- Irritability
- Loss of appetite
- General body discomfort
How Is It Diagnosed?
Healthcare providers can usually diagnose chickenpox by examining the rash and reviewing symptoms and possible exposure to the virus.
In some situations, blood tests or other laboratory testing may be used to confirm immunity or rule out other conditions.
How Is It Treated?
Treatment for chickenpox focuses on easing symptoms and helping prevent complications. Most children recover at home with supportive care.
Common treatments may include:
- Rest and plenty of fluids
- Acetaminophen to reduce fever
- Anti-itch creams or lotions
- Cool baths or compresses to soothe the skin
It is important to avoid scratching the blisters because broken skin can lead to bacterial infections. Keeping fingernails trimmed may help reduce scratching.
For adults, pregnant women, or people at higher risk for complications, antiviral medication may be recommended. Aspirin should never be given to children with chickenpox because it can increase the risk of a serious condition called Reye syndrome.
Most people begin feeling better within about a week as the blisters dry and scab over.
