What Is Chiari Malformation?
Chiari malformation is a condition where part of the brain extends downward into the spinal canal. This can place pressure on the brain, spinal cord, and the flow of cerebrospinal fluid.
The most common form is Chiari malformation type I. Many people are born with the condition, although symptoms may not appear until the teen or adult years.
Most Chiari malformations develop before birth because of structural differences involving the skull or brain. Rarely, the condition can develop later in life after injury, infection, or spinal fluid loss.
Symptoms
Some people with Chiari malformation have no symptoms. Others may develop symptoms gradually over time as pressure affects the nervous system.
Common symptoms may include:
- Headaches, especially after coughing or straining
- Neck pain
- Balance or coordination problems
- Dizziness
- Weakness in the arms or legs
- Numbness or tingling
- Trouble swallowing
- Hoarseness or speech changes
- Rapid eye movements
- Sleep apnea
In some cases, a fluid-filled cavity called a syrinx can develop in the spinal cord and cause additional nerve symptoms.
How Is It Diagnosed?
Providers diagnose Chiari malformation with a neurological exam and imaging studies. MRI is the most common test used because it provides detailed images of the brain and spinal cord.
CT scans may also be used to evaluate bone structures around the skull and spine. If sleep apnea is suspected, a sleep study may help guide treatment.
How Is It Treated?
Treatment depends on the severity of symptoms and whether the condition is causing pressure on the brain or spinal cord.
People with mild or no symptoms may only need regular checkups and MRI monitoring. Medications may help manage headaches or pain.
For more severe symptoms, surgery may be recommended to relieve pressure and improve the flow of spinal fluid. Many people experience symptom relief after treatment, although ongoing follow-up care may still be needed.
