What is Cervical Cancer?
Cervical cancer starts in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It often develops slowly over time, beginning with abnormal cells that may eventually become cancer. When found early, it is highly treatable and often preventable.
The most common cause is a long-lasting infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Other factors that may increase risk include smoking, a weakened immune system, and not getting routine screenings.
Symptoms
Cervical cancer may not have symptoms at first, which is why regular screenings are so important. As the condition progresses, symptoms can appear.
Common symptoms include:
- Unusual vaginal bleeding, especially after sex or between periods
- Pelvic discomfort or pain
- Pain during intercourse
- Abnormal vaginal discharge
How is it diagnosed?
Cervical cancer is often found through routine screening before symptoms begin. A Pap test checks for abnormal cells, while HPV testing looks for the virus linked to most cases.
If results are abnormal, your provider may recommend a closer exam of the cervix (colposcopy) and a biopsy. Imaging tests may be used to understand how far the cancer has spread if it is confirmed.
How is it treated?
Treatment depends on how early the cancer is found and your overall health. In many cases, abnormal cells can be removed before they turn into cancer.
For early-stage cancer, surgery may be used to remove affected tissue. More advanced cases may require a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Newer treatments, such as targeted therapy or immunotherapy, may also be options for some patients.
When detected early, outcomes are very good, and many people recover fully.
