What is cerebral venous sinus thrombosis?
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare type of stroke caused by a blood clot in the veins that drain blood from the brain. When blood cannot flow out properly, pressure builds inside the brain.
This pressure can lead to swelling or bleeding, which may damage brain tissue. CVST can affect people of any age, including infants and children.
Risk factors may include:
- Conditions that affect blood clotting
- Pregnancy or the weeks after childbirth
- Infections
- Dehydration
- Head injuries
- Certain chronic illnesses, including autoimmune diseases
- Blood disorders such as sickle cell disease
- Cancer or inflammatory conditions
Symptoms
Symptoms can develop suddenly or gradually and may vary depending on where the clot forms.
Common symptoms include:
- Persistent or severe headache
- Blurred or double vision
- Seizures
- Weakness or trouble moving part of the body
- Confusion or difficulty staying alert
- Fainting or loss of consciousness
CVST happens when something increases the likelihood of blood clotting.
How is it diagnosed?
Providers begin with a physical exam and a review of symptoms and medical history. Because CVST can look like other types of stroke, imaging tests are essential.
Common tests include MRI or CT scans to view the brain and specialized imaging to examine blood flow in the veins. Blood tests may also help identify clotting issues or underlying causes.
How is it treated?
Treatment for CVST usually starts right away in the hospital. The goal is to stop the clot from growing and reduce pressure in the brain.
Early treatments may include:
- Blood-thinning medications to prevent further clotting
- Fluids to maintain hydration
- Medications to control seizures or reduce brain pressure
- Antibiotics if an infection is present
In more serious cases, procedures or surgery may be needed to relieve pressure or remove the clot.
Recovery depends on the extent of the brain’s damage. Some people may need rehabilitation, such as physical or speech therapy, to regain lost abilities.
