What is a cerebral abscess?
A cerebral abscess is a serious infection inside the brain that forms a pocket of pus. This buildup can cause swelling and pressure, which may interfere with the brain’s function.
Because the brain controls vital functions, this condition needs immediate medical care. Without prompt treatment, it can quickly become life-threatening.
A cerebral abscess usually happens when bacteria or fungi enter the brain. This can occur through the bloodstream or from nearby infections, such as in the ears, sinuses, or teeth.
Certain factors may increase risk, including:
- A weakened immune system
- Recent head injury or brain surgery
- Heart conditions present at birth
- Use of medications that suppress immunity
- IV drug use
Symptoms
Symptoms often develop as pressure builds in the brain or as the infection spreads.
Common symptoms include:
- Ongoing or severe headaches
- Fever or chills
- Confusion or changes in alertness
- Seizures
- Weakness on one side of the body
- Trouble speaking, moving, or seeing
- Nausea or vomiting
- Changes in behavior or personality
How is it diagnosed?
Doctors begin with a careful review of symptoms and a neurological exam to check brain function, coordination, and awareness.
Imaging tests are essential. An MRI is often used to get detailed pictures of the brain, though a CT scan may also help identify the abscess. Blood tests can detect signs of infection, and in some cases, an abscess sample is tested to determine the exact cause.
How is it treated?
Treatment usually starts right away with strong medications to fight the infection. These may include antibiotics or antifungal drugs, depending on the cause. Other medications can help reduce swelling or prevent seizures.
If the abscess is large or not improving with medicine alone, a procedure may be needed. This can involve draining the infected fluid or surgically removing the abscess. Some procedures use imaging guidance to reach deeper areas of the brain safely.
Recovery depends on how early treatment begins and the severity of the infection. While many people improve, some may experience lasting neurological changes that require ongoing care.
