What Is Celiac Disease?

Celiac disease is an autoimmune condition that affects the small intestine. When someone with celiac disease eats gluten, the immune system reacts by damaging the lining of the intestine.

Over time, this damage can make it harder for the body to absorb nutrients from food. Gluten is a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley.

Celiac disease is linked to genetics and often runs in families. People with other autoimmune conditions, such as type 1 diabetes or thyroid disease, may have a higher risk. In some cases, symptoms begin after illness, surgery, pregnancy, or periods of severe stress.

Symptoms

Celiac disease can affect people in different ways. Some people develop digestive symptoms, while others may notice problems involving the skin, bones, nerves, or energy levels.

Common symptoms may include:

• Diarrhea or constipation
• Bloating or stomach pain
• Gas
• Weight loss
• Fatigue
• Joint or bone pain
• Itchy skin rash
• Tingling or numbness in the hands or legs
• Iron-deficiency anemia
• Delayed growth in children
• Fertility problems

Some people have very mild symptoms or none at all.

How Is It Diagnosed?

Providers diagnose celiac disease using a combination of blood tests and procedures that examine the small intestine. Blood work can look for antibodies linked to gluten sensitivity.

If testing suggests celiac disease, an upper endoscopy with biopsy may be recommended. During this procedure, small tissue samples are taken from the intestine to check for damage.

How Is It Treated?

The main treatment for celiac disease is a strict gluten-free diet for life. Avoiding foods made with wheat, rye, and barley helps the intestine heal and can reduce symptoms over time.

Many people begin feeling better within a few weeks after removing gluten from their diet. Full healing may take longer, especially in adults. Providers may also recommend vitamins, supplements, or support from a registered dietitian to help maintain proper nutrition.