What is Carcinoid Tumor?
A carcinoid tumor is a rare type of cancer that begins in hormone-producing cells called neuroendocrine cells. These cells help control different body functions by releasing hormones.
Most carcinoid tumors grow slowly and may not cause symptoms right away. They often develop in the digestive system but can also appear in the lungs or other areas of the body.
Possible risk factors include:
- Inherited genetic conditions such as MEN1 or other rare syndromes
- Long-term stomach conditions that reduce acid levels
- Pernicious anemia
- Adults are more commonly affected than children
The exact cause of carcinoid tumors is not fully understood.
Symptoms
Carcinoid tumors may not cause noticeable symptoms in the early stages. When symptoms do appear, they depend on where the tumor is and whether it releases hormones.
Possible symptoms include:
- Flushing of the skin, especially the face
- Diarrhea or frequent loose stools
- Belly pain or cramping
- Trouble breathing or wheezing
- Fast heartbeat or feeling your heart race
- Fatigue or unexplained weight loss
- Nausea or vomiting
- Changes in bowel habits or blood in stool
- Chest discomfort or persistent cough
In some cases, the tumor releases hormones that lead to a group of symptoms known as carcinoid syndrome.
How is it diagnosed?
Providers use a combination of imaging, lab tests, and tissue sampling to identify carcinoid tumors.
Common tests may include:
- CT scans or MRI to locate tumors and check for spread
- Specialized scans that track hormone-secreting tumor cells
- Blood and urine tests that look for hormone-related markers
- A biopsy, which involves taking a small tissue sample to confirm cancer
Additional testing may be used to determine the stage of the disease and guide treatment planning.
How is it treated?
Treatment depends on the size of the tumor, where it is located, and whether it has spread.
For early-stage tumors, surgery is often the first and most effective treatment option. When the tumor is more advanced, treatment may include a combination of therapies.
Treatment options may include:
- Surgery to remove the tumor or part of it
- Chemotherapy to slow or stop cancer growth
- Targeted therapy that focuses on specific cancer cell features
- Immunotherapy to support the body’s immune response
- Hormone-blocking injections to help control symptoms and slow tumor growth
- Specialized radiation-based treatments for advanced cases
Some people live with carcinoid tumors long-term and manage symptoms with ongoing care and regular follow-ups.
