What is Thrush?
Thrush is a fungal infection that develops in the mouth and throat. It happens when a type of yeast called Candida grows more than normal and disrupts the natural balance inside your mouth.
Most people already have small amounts of this yeast without any problems. When conditions change inside the body, the yeast can multiply and lead to irritation and discomfort.
Symptoms
Thrush can develop slowly, and symptoms may feel mild at first.
Common symptoms include:
- White or red patches inside the mouth or on the tongue
- A dry or cotton-like feeling in the mouth
- Changes in taste or reduced ability to taste food
- Pain or burning when eating or swallowing
- Cracked skin at the corners of the lips
- Mouth tenderness or sensitivity to certain foods
Some people may not notice symptoms right away, especially in early stages.
What can cause thrush?
Thrush develops when the normal balance of microorganisms in the mouth is disrupted. This allows yeast to grow more easily than it should.
Common triggers include:
- Recent antibiotic use
- Inhaled or long-term steroid medications
- Diabetes or blood sugar imbalance
- Weakened immune system
- Cancer treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation
- Dentures that do not fit well or are not cleaned properly
- Dry mouth conditions
- Higher risk in infants and older adults
How is it diagnosed?
Providers usually begin by examining the mouth and throat. The appearance of patches or sores often gives strong clues.
If needed, a small sample may be taken from the affected area and tested in a lab to confirm the infection. In some cases, additional evaluation may be recommended to check for conditions that affect the immune system or to see if the infection has spread further down the digestive tract.
How is it treated?
Treatment focuses on reducing the yeast overgrowth and easing symptoms.
Most people are treated with antifungal medicines. These may come as:
- Mouth rinses or lozenges that treat the affected area directly
- Oral medications for more stubborn or widespread infections
- Stronger prescription treatments in rare or severe cases
If another health condition is contributing to thrush, your care team may adjust medications or recommend ways to better manage those conditions. This helps reduce the chance of the infection returning.
Most cases improve with treatment, especially when addressed early. Some people may need ongoing care if risk factors remain.
