What is a Brain Tumor?

A brain tumor is a growth of abnormal cells inside the brain. These cells can form a mass that disrupts brain function. Some tumors begin in the brain, while others spread from cancer in another part of the body.

Brain tumors can be noncancerous or cancerous. Even noncancerous tumors can cause serious problems if they press on important areas of the brain.

Brain tumors are caused by changes in cells that make them grow out of control. In some cases, tumors spread to the brain from cancers in other parts of the body, such as the lungs or breast. The exact cause is often unknown, but genetics and environmental factors may play a role.

Symptoms

Brain tumor symptoms can vary depending on the size and location of the tumor. Some people notice changes quickly, while others may develop symptoms over time.

Common symptoms include:

• Frequent or worsening headaches
• Seizures
• Trouble with balance or walking
• Weakness or numbness in the face, arms, or legs
• Changes in vision, hearing, or speech
• Memory problems or personality changes
• Nausea or vomiting
• Ongoing fatigue

How is it diagnosed?

To diagnose a brain tumor, your provider will begin with a neurological exam to check your brain and nerve function. Imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans are commonly used to detect abnormal growths.

If a tumor is found, a biopsy may be performed to determine the type and grade. This helps guide the best treatment plan.

How is it treated?

Treatment depends on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as your overall health.

Care often starts with less invasive options and may include:

• Monitoring small or slow-growing tumors
• Medications to manage symptoms such as swelling or seizures

More advanced treatments may include:

• Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible
• Radiation therapy to target remaining cells
• Chemotherapy or targeted therapies to slow tumor growth

Recovery varies from person to person. Some tumors can be treated successfully, while others may require long-term care. Ongoing advances in treatment are helping improve outcomes and quality of life.