What Is a Blocked Intestine?

A blocked intestine, also called an intestinal obstruction, happens when food, fluids, or stool cannot move normally through the intestines. The blockage may be partial or complete and can interfere with digestion and normal bowel function.

Some intestinal blockages improve with medical treatment and monitoring, while others require emergency care. A complete blockage can become serious quickly and should be evaluated right away.

Intestinal blockages can happen for many reasons. Scar tissue from previous abdominal surgery is one of the most common causes. Hernias, tumors, inflammatory bowel conditions such as Crohn’s disease, and twisting of the intestines can also lead to a blockage.

Symptoms

Symptoms often begin suddenly and may become more severe over time.

Common symptoms include:

• Severe abdominal pain or cramping
• Bloating or swelling in the belly
• Nausea and vomiting
• Trouble passing gas
• Constipation or inability to have a bowel movement
• Loss of appetite
• Abdominal tenderness

How Is It Diagnosed?

A healthcare provider will review your symptoms, medical history, and perform a physical exam. They may listen to bowel sounds, check for swelling, and evaluate areas of tenderness.

Imaging tests such as abdominal X-rays or CT scans are commonly used to confirm the blockage and identify its location. In some cases, contrast studies may help providers better understand how the intestines are functioning.

How Is It Treated?

Treatment depends on the cause and severity of the blockage. Mild or partial obstructions may improve with bowel rest, IV fluids, and careful monitoring.

Providers may use a thin tube placed through the nose into the stomach to relieve pressure and fluid buildup. Dietary changes and medications may also help in some cases.

Complete blockages or complications such as damaged bowel tissue usually require surgery. During surgery, the blockage is removed and any damaged sections of the intestine may be repaired.

Early treatment is important to help prevent infection, dehydration, or damage to the intestines.