What Is Bladder Cancer?

Bladder cancer begins when abnormal cells grow in the tissues of the bladder. Most cases start in the inner lining of the bladder, called the urothelium, and may spread deeper into the bladder wall over time.

Bladder cancer can affect how the urinary system works and may cause noticeable changes in urination. Early diagnosis and treatment are important for improving outcomes and supporting long-term health.

Smoking is one of the biggest risk factors for bladder cancer. Other risks include older age, exposure to certain industrial chemicals, chronic bladder irritation, previous radiation treatment, and a personal or family history of bladder cancer.

Symptoms

Symptoms of bladder cancer can develop gradually and may look similar to other urinary conditions.

Common symptoms include:

• Blood in the urine
• Pink, red, or dark-colored urine
• Frequent urination
• Sudden urge to urinate
• Burning or pain during urination
• Weak urine stream
• Trouble emptying the bladder

How Is It Diagnosed?

A healthcare provider will review your symptoms, medical history, and risk factors before performing a physical exam.

Testing often begins with urine studies to look for blood or abnormal cells. A cystoscopy may also be performed to examine the inside of the bladder using a thin camera. If suspicious tissue is found, a biopsy can confirm whether cancer is present.

Imaging tests may be used to see whether the cancer has spread beyond the bladder.

How Is It Treated?

Treatment depends on the type of bladder cancer, how advanced it is, and your overall health. Some cancers can be treated with procedures that remove tumors from the bladder lining, while more advanced cases may require additional therapies.

Treatment options may include:

• Surgery
• Intravesical therapy delivered directly into the bladder
• Chemotherapy
• Radiation therapy
• Immunotherapy
• Targeted therapy

Your care team will work closely with you to explain treatment options, manage side effects, and support your recovery throughout the process.