What is Bell’s palsy?

Bell’s palsy is a condition that causes sudden weakness or paralysis on one side of the face. It happens when the nerve that controls facial movement becomes inflamed or irritated. This can make it hard to smile, blink, or move parts of your face normally.

Although it can feel alarming, Bell’s palsy is usually temporary and improves over time.

The exact cause isn’t always clear, but it’s often linked to swelling of the facial nerve. This may be triggered by a viral infection, such as the virus that causes cold sores.

Some factors may increase your risk, including pregnancy, diabetes, or a recent cold or flu.

Symptoms

Bell’s palsy often starts quickly, with symptoms becoming more noticeable over a day or two. Common signs include:

• Drooping on one side of the face
• Trouble closing one eye or blinking
• Difficulty smiling or making facial expressions
• Changes in taste
• Increased sensitivity to sound in one ear
• Headache or discomfort around the jaw or ear
• Tearing or dryness in the eye
• Drooling

How is it diagnosed?

Your provider will begin with a physical exam and review your symptoms. Because facial weakness can also be caused by other conditions, your care team may recommend additional testing.

These tests may include imaging, such as an MRI or CT scan, or nerve studies to understand better how the facial nerve is functioning. Blood tests may also be used to rule out other underlying conditions.

How is it treated?

Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation, protecting the eye, and supporting recovery.

Early treatment may include:

• Medications like corticosteroids to reduce nerve swelling
• Antiviral medications in certain cases
• Pain relief with over-the-counter or prescribed medications

Protecting the affected eye is very important. You may need:

• Lubricating eye drops during the day
• Ointment at night
• Eye protection if you cannot fully close your eye

As symptoms improve, physical therapy exercises may help restore facial movement and strength.

Most people begin to see improvement within a few weeks, with full recovery often happening within a few months. In rare cases, some weakness may last longer and require additional care.